Entropy generation in irreversible technologies

Entropy per operation S, in bits:

• 0.5 um CMOS @ 300K: 10^8

• Best modern CMOS, 1/2 CV^2 = 10^-14 J @ K: 10^6

• Likharev’s superconducting logic, 10^-18 J@5K: 2.1x10^4

• Lowest possible: 1 bit, per bit irreversibly lost

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